At the end of the 1960s, public participation became an important issue where citizens and academics questioned the influence of power in the decision-making process. Since that time, the theory of public participation has raised many questions, but the issue of power remains the main challenge in the practice of public participation. Participation in social science refers to different mechanisms for the public to express opinions – and ideally exert influence – regarding political, economic, management or other social decisions. Participatory decision-making can take place along any realm of human social activity, including. Beginning SharePoint with Excel: From Novice to Professional Gini Courter, Annette Marquis download Z-Library. Download books for free. Citizen’s participation is a process which provides private individuals an opportunity to influence public decisions and to be a component of the democratic decision-making process. Nowadays more and more people are taking the initiative to make their local neighbourhood more liveable, for instance by helping to maintain playgrounds or green.
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Clearly identifying the target groups, managing expectations, and working with the group rather than for the group are important elements discussed at the Summit. Specific techniques were also debated including gaming and competitions, engaging the traditional media to raise the profile and co-opt larger communities. How to maintain the momentum built remains nevertheless a challenge for most projects that have a finite funding frame.
Aside from the funding, bottom up initiatives like social street (http://www.socialstreet.it/) also depend strongly on the commitment of key individuals be developed and sustained.
4 Conclusions and Next Steps The Citizen science and Smart Cities Summit was a very useful opportunity to scope out the field of activity of these two sets of initiatives. The evidence presented shows the vitality
and diversity of the field but also a number of critical points:
Citizen science projects are more than collecting data: they are about raising awareness, building capacity, and strengthening communities.
Likewise, smart cities are not only about ICT, energy and transport infrastructures:
Smart cities are about smart citizens, who participate in their city’s daily governance, are concerned about increasing the quality of life of their fellow-citizens, and about protecting their environment. Technology may facilitate but is no solution per se.
Unfortunately to date there seems to be little synergy between citizen science and smart cities initiatives, and there is little interoperability and reusability of the data, apps, and services developed in each project.
It is difficult to compare the results among citizen science, and smart cities projects or translate from one context to another.
The ephemeral nature of much of the data, which disappear short after the end of the projects, means lack of reproducibility of results and makes longitudinal analysis of time series challenging if not impossible.
There are challenges with respect to the analytical methods needed to integrate quantitative and qualitative data from heterogeneous sources that need further research.
Building and maintaining trust are key points of any citizen science or smart city project. There is a need to work with the community and not just for, or on, the community. It is critical not just to take (data, information, and knowledge) but to give back something that is valued by the community itself.
The development of citizen science associations in Europe and the US, as well as fora for smart cities to share experience, components, and tools are important developments that may address some of the points above. There are also actions through which the European
Commission Joint Research Centre can make an important contribution:
Map citizen science and smart cities projects, and generate a semantic network of concepts between the projects to facilitate search of related activities, and community building.
Provide a repository for citizen science and smart cities data (anonymised and aggregated), software, services, and applications so that they are maintained beyond the life of the projects they originate from, and made shareable and reusable.
Citizen Science and Smart Cities
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Develop regional test beds for the analysis and integration of social and environmental data from heterogeneous sources, with a focus on quality of life and well-being.
Undertake comparative studies, and analyse issues related to scaling up to the European dimension.
Make available the JRC knowledge base on semantic interoperability, data models, and interoperability arrangements and standards to support citizen science and smart cities projects.
Partner with the European Citizen Science Association, and contribute to its interoperability activities.
Work towards making the JRC, and the European Commission, a champion of citizen participation in European science.
Some of the actions above have already been launched; others will be developed in the course of 2014, and will be reviewed in 2015. Together they will contribute to a new role of the JRC to support of citizen engagement in European science and policy.
5 Acknowledgement and Disclaimer We wish to thank all the participants in the meeting for their commitment to share experiences and ideas, and their inspiration.
The findings and conclusions presented in this report are the responsibility of the editors alone and do not necessarily represent those of the organisations participating in the meeting or the European Commission.
Citizen Science and Smart Cities 6 References Arnstein, S. R. 1969. 'A Ladder of Citizen Participation' JAIP, Vol. 35, No. 4, 216-224 Batty M. et al. 2012. Smart Cities of the future. Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 214, 481-518, http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3 Belmont Forum. 2011. The Belmont Challenge: A Global, Environmental Research Mission
for Sustainability. [Online] Available at:
http://igfagcr.org/images/documents/belmont_challenge_white_paper.pdf Bonney, R., Ballard, H., Jordan, R., McCallie, E., Phillips, T., Shirk, J., Wilderman, C.C.
2009. Public Participation in Scientific Research: Defining the Field and Assessing its Potential for Informal Science Education, Center for Advancement of Informal
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British Science Association, Public engagement resources. Available at:
http://www.britishscienceassociation.org/science-society/public-engagementresources-0 CitizenSci Blog: http://blogs.plos.org/citizensci/ Craglia, M., Goodchild, M.F., Annoni, A., Camara, G., Gould, M., Kuhn, W., Mark, D.M., Masser, I., Maguire, D.J., Liang, S. and Parsons, E., 2008. Next-generation Digital Earth. A position paper from the Vespucci Initiative for the Advancement of Geographic Information Science. International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructure Research, Vol. 3: 146-167.
Craglia, M.; Ostermann, F.; Spinsanti, L., 2012. Digital Earth from vision to practice: making sense of citizen-generated content. International Journal of Digital Earth 5(5), 398Curry, M. 2002. “Discursive Displacement and the Seminal Ambiguity of Space and Place.” In Handbook of New Media, ed. Lievrouw and Livingston, 502–517. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications.
De Longueville, B., Annoni, A., Schade, S., Ostlaender, N., Whitmore, C. 2010. “Digital Earth’s nervous system for crisis events: real-time Sensor Web enablement of Volunteered Geographic Information”. International Journal of Digital Earth, 3(3), 242-259.
Dickinson, J.L., Bonney, R. 2012. Citizen Science: Public Participation in Environmental Research. Comstock Publishing Associates Fisher, F., 2012. VGI as Big Data. GEO Informatics, April/May 2012, 46-47 Foucault, M. 1980. Power/knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977.
New York, NY: Pantheon Franzoni C., Sauermann H., 2014. Crowd science: The organization of scientific research in open collaborative projects. Research Policy 43(1), 1–20.
Goodchild M. Guo H. Annoni A. et al. 2012. Next-generation Digital Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1202383109 Citizen Science and Smart Cities Greensberg P. 2013. “10 Reasons 2014 will the year of Small Data” http://www.zdnet.com/10-reasons-2014-will-be-the-year-of-small-data-7000023667/ Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockstrm, J., hman, M.C., Shyamsundar, P., Steffen, W., Glaser, G., Kanie, N., Noble, I. 2013. Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet., 495, 305–307 Gupta, A. and J. Ferguson. 1992. “Beyond ‘culture’: Space, Identity, and the Politics of Difference.” Inda X.and R. Rosaldo (Eds.). Cultural Anthropology 7 (1): 6–23.
Haklay M. 2011 Participatory GIS, Volunteered Geographic Information and Citizen Science. Presentation at GISRUK 2011 Conference, Portsmouth.
http://www.slideshare.net/mukih/participatory-gis-volunteered-geographicinformation-and-citizen-science-gisruk-2011 Harrison, S, and P Dourish. 1996. “Re-place-ing Space: The Roles of Place and Space in Collaborative Systems.” In Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 67–76. ACM Press.
International Council for Science (ICSU) 2010. Grand Challenges in Global Sustainability Research: A Systems Approach to Research Priorities for the Decade, ICSU (Paris).
Jones, N. 2014. Computer sharing loses momentum. Nature, 506, 16–17. Available at:
http://www.nature.com/news/computer-sharing-loses-momentum-1.14666
Kue, K. 2014. Popular Science. Harvard Magazine, Jan-Feb 2014.:
http://harvardmagazine.com/2014/01/popular-science Manville, C. et al. 2014. Mapping Smart Cities in the EU. European Parliament, Directorate General For Internal Policies http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2014/507480/IPOLITRE_ET%282014%29507480_EN.pdf Massey, D. 1991. “A Global Sense of Place.” Barnes T. and D Gregory (Eds.) Marxism Today 35 (6): 315–323.
MIT Spectrum (2014) Thematic issue on The Future is Cities of MIT Spectrum, winter 2014.
Available at: http://spectrum.mit.edu/ Nativi, S., Craglia, M., & Pearlman, J. 2012. The brokering approach for multidisciplinary interoperability: a position paper. International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research, 7, pp. 1-15.
Nativi, S., Craglia, M., & Pearlman, J. 2013. Earth Science Infrastructures Interoperability:
The Brokering Approach. Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, IEEE Journal of, 6(3), 1118-129. doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2013.2243113 Pepe a. Goodman. A, Muench A. et al. 2012. How do astronomers share data? Reliability and persistence of datasets linked in AAS publications and a qualitative study of data practices among US astronomers.
https://authorea.com/users/3/articles/288/_show_article Roy, H.E., Pocock, M.J.O., Preston, C.D., Roy, D.B., Savage, J., Tweddle, J.C., Robinson, L.D. 2012. Understanding Citizen Science & Environmental Monitoring. Final Report on behalf of UK-EOF. NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology and Natural History
Museum. Available at:
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Science Communication Unit, University of the West of England, Bristol 2013. Science for Environment Policy European Commission DG Environment, December 2013.
Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/science-environment-policy Shirk, J. L. et al. 2012. Public participation in scientific research: a framework for deliberate design. Ecology and Society 17(2): 29, http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-04705-170229 Smart Citizen, IoT tools for Smart Citizens, http://www.smartcitizen.me/ Socientize 2013. Green Paper on Citizen Science, Citizen Science for Europe: Towards a better society of empowered citizens and enhanced research. The SOCIENTIZE Consortium. Available at: http://socientize.eu/?q=eu/content/green-paper-citizenscience Technology Innovation Management 2013a. Special issue on Living Labs of the Technology Innovation Management Review, November 2013. Available at http://timreview.ca/issue/2013/november Technology Innovation Management 2013b. Special issue on Living Labs and Crowdsourcing of the Technology Innovation Management Review, December 2013 Available at: http://timreview.ca/issue/2013/december Tress B, Tress G, and Fry G. 2005. Defining concepts and the process of knowledge production in integrative research. In: From landscape research to landscape planning : aspects of integration, education and application: proceedings of the Frontis workshop from landscape research to landscape planning: aspects of integration, education and application, The Netherlands 1-6 June 2004 / Tress, B.,.
- Wageningen : Wageningen UR, Frontis, vol. 12.
UK - Environmental Observation Framework 2011. Citizen Science Observations and Monitoring: Scoping Requirements, Knowledge exchange and finding potential
synergies. Workshop Report, July 2011. Available at:
http://www.ukeof.org.uk/documents/ukeofcitizenscienceworkshopreport.pdf UNEP. 2012. 21 Issues for the 21st Century: Result of the UNEP Foresight Process on Emerging Environmental Issues. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
Nairobi, Kenya. [Online] available at:
http://www.unep.org/publications/ebooks/foresightreport/Portals/24175/pdfs/Foresig ht_Report-21_Issues_for_the_21st_Century.pdf Van Leeuwen, C.J. 2013. City Blueprints: baseline assessment for water management in 11 cities of the future. Water Resources Management 27:5191–5206 DOI 10.1007/s11269-013-0462-5 Ward J.S. and A. Barker. 2013. Undefined by Data: a Survey of Big Data Definitions.
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1309.5821v1.pdf Citizen Science and Smart Cities 7 Glossary of relevant EU funding programmes
EU funding programmes and frameworks of relevance are:
COST25 is an intergovernmental framework for European Cooperation in Science and Technology, allowing the coordination of nationally-funded research on a European level.
ESPON, the European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion, supports policy development in relation to the aim of territorial cohesion and a harmonious development of the European territory by mainly providing comparable information, evidence, analyses and scenarios on territorial dynamics.
ICT PSP27, the ICT Policy Support Programme, aims at stimulating smart sustainable and inclusive growth by accelerating the wider uptake and best use of innovative digital technologies and content by citizens, governments and businesses.
INTERREG IVC28 provides funding for interregional cooperation across Europe and its overall objective is to improve the effectiveness of regional policies and instruments.
25 http://www.cost.eu 26 http://www.espon.eu/main/ 27 http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/ict-policy-support-programme 28 http://www.interreg4c.eu/ Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed.
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European Commission EUR 26652 EN – Joint Research Centre – Institute for Environment and Sustainability Title: Citizen Science and Smart Cities Author(s): Max Craglia and Carlos Granell Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union
The report summarizes the presentations, discussions and main conclusions of the Citizen Science and Smart Cities Summit organised by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) in Ispra, Italy, on Feb 5-7, 2014. The Summit brought together researchers and practitioners to discuss connections, gaps and potential synergies between
these two emerging fields. In particular, the focus of the Summit was to explore:
The interoperability and reusability of data across citizen-centred projects (technical, organizational, legal perspectives), The relationships between Smart Cities and Citizen-centred projects, The interoperability with official data infrastructures, such as the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) of which JRC is the technical coordinator.
The report shows the vitality and diversity of the field though the experience of 27 different projects and initiatives. It identifies a set of actions that the JRC can take to foster the interoperability and reusability of citizen science and smart cities projects, and work towards making the JRC, and the European Commission, a champion of citizen participation in Europe.
ISBN -978-92-79-3873-1
Current events in Rio have left many citizens upset and onlookers confused. The State’s Pacifying Police Unit (UPP) program was felt to have so much potential to finally bring security services to underserved parts of the city, and yet, five years on, Rio is steeped in violence and the communities intended to benefit, increasingly victimized by those same police. The Federal Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) was expected to bring much-needed infrastructure to the city’s favelas, yet the programs launched have been deemed low priority and at times even counter-productive, and so concrete broadly-felt impacts are minimal. Similar concerns can be expressed over the City’s well-written Morar Carioca favela upgrading program, its UPP Social program, and the federal Minha Casa Minha Vida public housing program. While there are many causes and effects involved in the limited success, failures and limitations of each program, what unites them all is the sheer lack of authentic citizen participation.
Perhaps the most clear and insightful understanding of the gradations and potential of citizen participation was developed by Sherry Arnstein. In her pioneering 1969 article, A Ladder of Citizen Participation, a mainstay among US city planning educators to this day, she explains the concept using a ladder. Each step of the ladder represents a different level of involvement by the community, and as you go up the ladder, community members are given more power in the process of decision-making. Here we give a brief description of each level of participation, starting at the bottom.
Non-Participation
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The first two steps on the ladder of participation are not only considered “Non-Participatory” they are also harmful and disrespectful of citizens.
Manipulation
This level usually includes the appearance of participation, with the creation of community committees or associations. However, these groups are not given any control, and are instead used by those in power to “demonstrate” the use of citizen participation. Often, these meetings end up being more about those in power persuading the participants to think like them, instead of the community members helping the power holders better understand the community. This level of participation has been common historically in Rio’s favelas, particularly during the military regime through the 1980s.
Therapy
There is some overlap between this level and the previous one, manipulation. This level sees the powerlessness of the poor and marginalized as something that can be “cured.” Thus, “participation” ends up exhibiting characteristics of group therapy sessions. With “experts” setting the tone and agenda of these community participation meetings, they often focus on adjusting the values and attitudes of community members so they become more in line with those of broader society.
Tokenism
Within this degree of participation are some good tools and steps toward holistic citizen participation. However, good singular acts are not able to take the place of real community involvement.
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Informing
If community involvement stops at being told by officials what is happening, or will happen in the future, little, if any, participation has actually occurred. Some characteristics of this level are that information is given at a very late stage of the process when changes can no longer be made, questions are discouraged, and the information is superficial, irrelevant or incomplete. The PAC program, exemplified by the creation of the cable car in Complexo do Alemão, has typically received this level of participation, calling residents to meetings but not implementing their priorities, instead informing residents of what will happen, and using their signatures of presence at a meeting as approval of the government’s plan. Unfortunately, this is currently the maximum standard of participation in the vast majority of programs in Rio’s favelas. The result is poor quality programs.
Consultation
In the United States, the most common form of participation is the survey. For many in poor and marginalized communities, surveys and questionnaires are all too common. They know how many times they have given their opinion and never seen the effects or results from them. When this happens, it creates a distrust between community members and those in power, undermining future attempts at citizen participation. This is the level of participation typical of the UPP Social program, meant to consult with residents in UPP-occupied territories so that social services may follow. The UPP Social has instead turned into a> recently spent a year an a half in Rio de Janeiro, where she interned with CatComm, while completing her MA in Transformational Urban Leadership from Azusa Pacific University
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Published in May 2014